Publications

Richard R. King

Publication History
46 Journal Articles, 132 Refereed Conference Papers, in scientific journals and international conference proceedings in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, on semiconductor materials and device physics of high-efficiency photovoltaic cells, more than 30 invited and plenary talks at international conferences and colloquia, 1 Book Chapter, 36 Issued Patents.

h-index 41, >7500 citations, accessed 4/27/2019, Google Scholar, >35 Invited Presentations, 7 Plenary Presentations, >10 Technical Reports. Ref. 30 (King et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 2007) has over 1200 citations (4/27/2019, Google Scholar).

Journal Articles
1. S. Murali, C. Zhang, M. Goryll, R. R. King, and C. B. Honsberg, “Study of pit formation in MBE grown GaP on misoriented Si, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 38, 032201 (2020), doi.org/10.1116/6.0000064.
2. K. D. Tyler, M. K. Arulanandam, R. Pandey, N. Mohan Kumar, J. Drayton, J. R. Sites, and R. R. King, “Silicon Degradation in Monolithic II–VI/Si Tandem Solar Cells,” J. Photovolt. 10, 690-695 (2020).
3. A. Chikhalkar, A. Gangopadhyay, H. Liu, C. Zhang, F. A. Ponce, D. J. Smith, C. Honsberg, and R. R. King, “Investigation of polycrystalline GaxIn1-xP for potential use as a solar cell absorber with tunable bandgap,” J. Appl. Phys. 127, 073102 (2020), doi: 10.1063/1.5125676.
4. E. Vadiee, A. M. Fischer, E. A. Clinton, H. McFavilen, A. Patadia, C. Arena, F. A. Ponce, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, W. A. Doolittle, “Evaluating the performance of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well solar cells operated at elevated temperatures via DC and small-signal AC analysis,” Jpn. J. Appl, Phys. 58, 101003 (2019), doi: 10.7567/1347-4065/ab3b66.
5. P.-Y. Su, H. Liu, R. M. S. Kawabata, E. C. Weiner, R. Jakomin, M. P. Pires, R. R. King, P. L. Souza, and F. A. Ponce, “Effect of InAs quantum dots capped with GaAs on atomic-scale ordering in Ga0.5In0.5P,” J. Appl. Phys. 125, 053104 (2019), doi: 10.1063/1.5063941.
6. C. Zhang×, E. Vadiee, S. Dahal, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, “Developing High Performance GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells,” J. Vis. Exp. 141, e58292 (2018), doi: 10.3791/58292.
7. E. Vadiee, E. A. Clinton, H. McFavilen, A. S. Weidenbach, Z. Engel, C. Matthews, C. Zhang, C. Arena, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, W. A. Doolittle, “InGaN solar cells with regrown GaN homojunction tunnel contacts,” Appl. Phys. Express 11, 082304 (2018), doi: 10.7567/APEX.11.082304.
8. (invited) C. Zhang, E. Vadiee, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, “Carrier-selective Contact GaP/Si Solar Cells Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy,” J. Mater. Res. 33, 414 (2018), doi: 10.1557/jmr.2018.14.
9. A. Augusto, S. Y. Herasimenka, R. R. King, S. G. Bowden, C. Honsberg, “Analysis of the recombination mechanisms of a silicon solar cell with low bandgap-voltage offset,” J. Appl. Phys. 121, 205704 (2017), doi: 10.1063/1.4984071.
10. N. M. Haegel, C.-W. Ke, H. Taha, H. Guthrey, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, “Cross-Sectional Transport Imaging in a Multijunction Solar Cell,” IEEE J. Photovolt. 7, 354 (2017), doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2016.2623088.
11. A. Maros, N. N. Faleev, M. I. Bertoni, C. B. Honsberg and R. R. King, “Carrier localization effects in GaAs1-x Sbx/GaAs heterostructures,”, J. Appl. Phys. 120, 183104 (2016), doi: 10.1063/1.4967755.
12. A. Maros, N. Faleev, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, D. Convey, H. Xie, and F. A. Ponce, “Critical thickness investigation of MBE-grown GaInAs/GaAs and GaAsSb/GaAs heterostructures,” J. Vacuum Science and Technology B 34, 02L113 (2016); doi: 10.1116/1.4942897.
13. A. Maros, N. Faleev, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, “Growth and characterization of GaAs1−x−ySbxNy/GaAs heterostructures for multijunction solar cell applications,” J. Vacuum Science and Technology B 34, 02L106 (2016); doi: 10.1116/1.4941424.
14. (invited) R. M. France, F. Dimroth, T. J. Grassman, and R. R. King, “Metamorphic Epitaxy for Multijunction Solar Cells,” MRS Bulletin 41, 202-209 (2016), doi: 10.1557/mrs.2016.25.
15. M. A. Steiner, J. F. Geisz, J. S. Ward, I. García, D. J. Friedman, R. R. King, P. T. Chiu, R. M. France, A. Duda, W. J. Olavarria, M. Young, S. R. Kurtz, “Optically enhanced photon recycling in mechanically stacked multijunction solar cells,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 6, 358-365 (2016), doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2015.2494690.
16. M. A. Green, M. J. Keevers, I. Thomas, J. B. Lasich, K. Emery, and R. R. King, “40% efficient sunlight to electricity conversion,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 23, 685-691 (2015), doi: 10.1002/pip.2612.
17. P. T. Chiu, D. C Law, R. L. Woo, S. B. Singer, D. Bhusari, W. D. Hong, A. Zakaria, J. Boisvert, S. Mesropian, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, “Direct Semiconductor Bonded 5J Cell for Space and Terrestrial Applications,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 4 (1), pp. 493-497 (2014), doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2013.2279336.
18. A. Zakaria, R. R. King, M. Jackson, and M. S. Goorsky, “Comparison of arsenide and phosphide based graded buffer layers used in inverted metamorphic solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 112, 024907 (2012), doi: 10.1063/1.4737788.
19. R. K. Jones, J. H. Ermer, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, “Evolution of Multijunction Solar Cell Technology for Concentrating Photovoltaics,” Japanese J. Appl. Phys. 51, 10ND01 (2012), doi: 10.1143/jjap.51.10ND01.
20. X. Q. Liu, C. M. Fetzer, E. Rehder, H. Cotal, S. Mesropian, D. Law, R. R. King, “Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy growth of upright metamorphic multijunction solar cells,” J. Crystal Growth 352, 186-189 (2012), doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.10.024.
21. (invited) R. R. King, D. Bhusari, D. Larrabee, X.-Q. Liu, E. Rehder, K. Edmondson, H. Cotal, R. K. Jones, J. H. Ermer, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, and N. H. Karam, “Solar Cell Generations Over 40% Efficiency,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 20, 801-815 (2012), doi: 10.1002/pip.1255.
22. J. H. Ermer, R. K. Jones, P. Hebert, P. Pien, R. R. King, D. Bhusari, R. Brandt, O. Al-Taher, C. Fetzer, G. S. Kinsey, and N. Karam, “Status of C3MJ+ and C4MJ Production Concentrator Solar Cells at Spectrolab,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 2(2), 209-213 (2012), doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2011.2180893.
23. R. M. France, J. F. Geisz, M. A. Steiner, B. To, M. J. Romero, W. J. Olavarria, and R. R. King, “Reduction of crosshatch roughness and threading dislocation density in metamorphic GaInP buffers and GaInAs solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 111, 103528 (2012), doi: 10.1063/1.4721367 .
24. (invited) R. R. King, D. Bhusari, A. Boca, D. Larrabee, X.-Q. Liu, W. Hong, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, and N. H. Karam, “Band Gap-Voltage Offset and Energy Production in Next-Generation Multijunction Solar Cells,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 19(7), 797-812 (Nov 2011), doi: 10.1002/pip.1044.
25. D. C. Law, R. R. King, H. Yoon, M. J. Archer, A. Boca, C. M. Fetzer, S. Mesropian, T. Isshiki, M. Haddad, K. M. Edmondson, D. Bhusari, J. Yen, R. A. Sherif, H. A. Atwater, N. H. Karam, “Future technology pathways of terrestrial III-V multijunction solar cells for concentrator photovoltaic systems,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 1314-1318 (Aug. 2010), doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.07.014.
26. H. Cotal, C. Fetzer, J. Boisvert, G. Kinsey, R. King, P. Hebert, H. Yoon and N. Karam, “III–V multijunction solar cells for concentrating photovoltaics,” Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 174 – 192, doi: 10.1039/b809257e.
27. N. M. Haegel, T. J. Mills, M. Talmadge, C. Scandrett, C. L. Frenzen, H. Yoon, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, “Direct imaging of anisotropic minority-carrier diffusion in ordered GaInP,” J. Appl. Phys., 105, 023711, 27 Jan. 2009.
28. Melissa J. Archer, Daniel C. Law, Shoghig Mesropian, Moran Haddad, Christopher M. Fetzer, Arthur C. Ackerman, Corinne Ladous, Richard R. King, and Harry A. Atwater, “GaInP/GaAs dual junction solar cells on Ge/Si epitaxial templates,” Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 92, 103503, 11 March 2008.
29. R. R. King, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, C. M. Fetzer, G. S. Kinsey, H. Yoon, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, R. A. Sherif, and N. H. Karam, “Advances in High-Efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells,” Advances in OptoElectronics, Vol. 2007, Article ID 29523, doi: 10.1155/2007/29523.
30. R. R. King, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, C. M. Fetzer, G. S. Kinsey, H. Yoon, R. A. Sherif, and N. H. Karam, “40% efficient metamorphic GaInP / GaInAs / Ge multijunction solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 90 (18), 183516, 4 May 2007, doi: 10.1063/1.2734507.
31. C. M. Fetzer, H. Yoon, R. R. King, D. C. Law, T. D. Isshiki, and N. H. Karam, “1.6/1.1 eV Metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs Solar Cells Grown by MOVPE on Ge,” J. Crystal Growth, Vol. 276, pp. 48-56, 2005.
32. H. Yoon, J. E. Granata, P. Hebert, R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, P. C. Colter, K. M. Edmondson, D. Law, G. S. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, M. S. Gillanders, and N. H. Karam, “Recent Advances in High-Efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells for Space Applications: Ultra Triple Junction Qualification,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 13, pp. 133-139, 2005.
33. C. M. Fetzer, R. R. King, P. C. Colter, K. M. Edmondson, D. C. Law, A. P. Stavrides, H. Yoon, J. H. Ermer, M. J. Romero and N. H. Karam, “High-Efficiency Metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge Solar Cells Grown by MOVPE,” J. Crystal Growth, Vol. 261, pp. 341-348, 2004.
34. Sarah Kurtz, J. F. Geisz, D. J. Friedman, W. K. Metzger, R. R. King, and N. H. Karam, “Annealing-Induced Type Conversion of GaInNAs, ” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 95, No. 5, pp. 2505-2508, 1 March 2004.
35. Sarah Kurtz, J. F. Geisz, B. M. Keyes, W. K. Metzger, D. J. Friedman, J. M. Olson, A. J. Ptak, R. R. King, and N. H. Karam, “Effect of Growth Rate and Gallium Source on GaAsN,” Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 16, pp. 2634-36, 21 April 2003.
36. G. S. Kinsey, R. R. King, K. M. Edmondson, A. P. Stavrides, H. Yoon, C. M. Fetzer, P. C. Colter, J. H. Ermer, M. S. Gillanders, P. Hebert, J. E. Granata, and N. H. Karam, “Ultra Triple-Junction High-Efficiency Solar Cells,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 8-10, March 2003.
37. P. P. Altermatt, J. O. Schumacher, A. Cuevas, M. J. Kerr, S. W. Glunz, R. R. King, G. Heiser, and A. Schenk, “Numerical modeling of highly doped Si : P emitters based on Fermi-Dirac statistics and self-consistent material parameters,” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 3187-3197, 2002.
38. Sarah Kurtz, J. Webb, L. Gedvilas, D. Friedman, J. Geisz, J. Olson, R. R. King, D. E. Joslin, and N. H. Karam, “Structural Changes During Annealing of GaInAsN,” Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 78, No. 6, 5 February 2001.
39. N. H. Karam, R. R. King, M. Haddad, J. H. Ermer, H. Yoon, H. L. Cotal, R. Sudharsanan, J. W. Eldredge, K. Edmondson, D. E. Joslin, D. D. Krut, M. Takahashi, W. Nishikawa, M. Gillanders, J. Granata, P. Hebert, B. T. Cavicchi, and D. R. Lillington, “Recent Developments in High Efficiency Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs/Ge Dual- and Triple-Junction Solar Cells: Steps to Next Generation PV Cells,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 66, pp. 453-466, Feb. 2001.
40. N. H. Karam, R. R. King, B. T. Cavicchi, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, M. Haddad, L. Cai, D. E. Joslin, M. Takahashi, J. W. Eldredge, W. Nishikawa, D. R. Lillington, B. Keyes, and R. K. Ahrenkiel, “Development and Characterization of High-Efficiency Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs/Ge Dual- and Triple-Junction Solar Cells,” Trans. On Electron Devices, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 2116-2125, Oct. 1999.
41. J. H. Reiss, R. R. King, and K. W. Mitchell, “Characterization of diffusion length degradation in Czochralski silicon solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 68, No. 23, pp. 3302-3304, 3 June 1996.
42. R. R. King and R. M. Swanson, “Studies of Diffused Boron Emitters: Saturation Current, Bandgap Narrowing, and Surface Recombination Velocity,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp 1399-1409, June 1991.
43. R. R. King, R. A. Sinton, and R. M. Swanson, “Studies of Diffused Phosphorus Emitters: Saturation Current, Surface Recombination Velocity, and Quantum Efficiency,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 365-371, Feb. 1990.
44. P. E. Gruenbaum, R. R. King, and R. M. Swanson, “Photoinjected Hot Electron Damage in Silicon Point-Contact Solar Cells,” J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 66, pp. 6110-6114, 15 Dec. 1989.
45. R. R. King, R. A. Sinton, and R. M. Swanson, “Doped Surfaces in One-Sun, Point-Contact Solar Cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 54, No. 15, pp. 1460-1462, 10 April 1989.
46. B. Cabrera, R. Gardner, and R. King, “Sensing-area distribution functions for one- and three-loop superconductive magnetic monopole detectors,” Physical Review D, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 2199-2210, 1 May 1985.

Journal Editorials
1. S. R. Kurtz, A. Leilaeioun, R. R. King, I. M. Peters, M. J. Heben, W. K. Metzger, and N. M. Haegel, “Revisiting the Terawatt Challenge,” MRS Bulletin 45, 159-164 (2020).
2. D. J. Friedman, R. R. King, R. M. Swanson, J. McJannet, and D. Gwinner, “Editorial: Toward 100 Gigawatts of Concentrator Photovoltaics by 2030,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics 3 (4), 1460-1463 (2013), doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2013.2270341.
3. J. R. Kukulka, R. R. King, and N. H. Karam, “Concentrating the Sun,” Photonics Spectra, Oct. 2008.
4. (invited) Richard R. King, “Multijunction cells: Record breakers,” Nature Photonics, Vol. 2, No. 5, 284-286 (May 2008), doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2008.68.

Refereed Conference Papers
(Papers marked with † are journal articles that are repeated in Refereed Conference Papers list)
1. A. Chikhalkar, M. Goryll, W. Shafarman, and R. R. King, “Study of wavelength-resolved light-induced metastable defects in (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 thin-films using capacitance based methods,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 4 pages.
2. B. M. F. Yu Jeco∞, A. Chikhalkar, M. Giteau, R. Tamaki, N. Ahsan, R. R. King, and Y. Okada, “The Influence of Al2O3 Passivation of III-V on Ge Multijunction Solar Cells to the Spatial Distribution of Luminescent Coupling Effect,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 4 pages.
3. K. D. Tyler, M. K. Arulanandam, R.Pandey, N. Mohan Kumar, J. Drayton, J. Sites, and R. R. King, “Controlling Silicon Bottom Cell Lifetime Variance in II-VI/Si Tandems,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 4 pages.
4. M. K. Arulanandam, N. Mohan Kumar, C. Zhang×, A. Iyer, R. L. Opila, and R. R. King, “Analysis of Inverse Lifetime Curves of TaOx Electron-Selective Contacts for Si Solar Cells,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 5 pages.
5. N. Mohan Kumar, A. Chikhalkar, and R. R. King, “Effect of deposited passivation materials and doping on recombination at III-V surfaces,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 5 pages.
6. S. J. Babcock, N. P. Irvin, E. Y. Chen×, C. B. Honsberg, and R. R. King, “Effects of high photon gas density and radiative efficiency on upper bounds of energy conversion efficiency in single-crystal solar cells,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 5 pages.
7. S. Murali, N. P. Irvin, C. Zhang×, R. R. King and C. B. Honsberg, “Epitaxial GaP grown on Silicon by MEE and MBE Techniques as a Pathway for Dilute Nitride-Si Tandem Solar Cells,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 4 pages.
8. E. Y. Chen× , S. J. Babcock, and R. R. King, “Predicted Performance of High-Efficiency Photovoltaics with Energy-Selective Front Reflectors for Photon Recycling Enhancements,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 5 pages.
9. A. Augusto×, A. Srinivasa, R. R. King, and S. G. Bowden, “Performance of silicon heterojunction solar cells using high resistivity substrates,” 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Chicago, IL, June 16-21, 2019, 4 pages.
10. A. Chikhalkar, C. Zhang×, N. Faleev, C. Honsberg, and R. R. King, “Passivation of polycrystalline Ga0.37In0.63P – an emerging 1.7eV bandgap top cell candidate,” Proc. 7th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) and 45th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Waikoloa, HI, June 10-15, 2018, 4 pages.
11. E. L. McClure, S. J. Polly, A. Chikhalkar, R. R. King, and S. M. Hubbard, “Growth of GaAs on Polycrystalline Germanium Substrates Prepared via Aluminum-Induced Crystallization,” Proc. 7th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) and 45th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Waikoloa, HI, June 10-15, 2018, 4 pages.
12. C. Zhang×, E. Armour, R. King, C. Honsberg, “Routes to Low LCOE for III-V-based Solar Cells,” Proc. 7th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) and 45th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Waikoloa, HI, June 10-15, 2018, 4 pages.
13. Y. Zou, C. Zhang×, C. Honsberg, D. Vasileska, R. King, S. Goodnick, “A Lattice-Matched GaNPSi Three-Terminal Tandem Solar Cell,” Proc. 7th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) and 45th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Waikoloa, HI, June 10-15, 2018, 4 pages.
14. P. Reguera, S. Bowden, R. King, S. Babcock, A. Shaw, C. Honsberg, “Comprehensive Library of Photovoltaic Functions in Python for Academic and Educational Purposes,” Proc. 7th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) and 45th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Waikoloa, HI, June 10-15, 2018, 2 pages.
15. A. Maros, C. Zhang, N. Faleev, C. B. Honsberg, and R. R. King, “Bismuth Surfactant-Mediated Growth of GaNAsSb(Bi) Solar Cells,” Proc. 44th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Washington, D.C., June 25-30, 2017, 5 pages.
16. A. Chikhalkar, A. Fischer, M. Hettick, A. Javey, and R. R. King, “Investigation of InP defect characteristics grown using novel TF-VLS technique,” Proc. 44th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Washington, D.C., June 25-30, 2017, 4 pages.
17. K. Tyler, G. K. Bradshaw, S. Wilt, D. M. Wilt, and R. R. King, “Quantitative Electroluminescence Analysis of Triple Junction Solar Cells to Determine Subcell Voltage-Temperature Coefficients,” Proc. 44th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Washington, D.C., June 25-30, 2017, 4 pages.
18. C. Zhang, E. Vadiee, R. R. King, and C. B. Honsberg, “GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy,” Proc. 44th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Washington, D.C., June 25-30, 2017, 4 pages.
19. C. Zhang, E. Armour, Y. Kim, A. Chikhalkar, E. Vadiee, R. King, and C. Honsberg, “Investigation of Fast Growth GaAs-based Solar Cell on Reusable Substrate by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition,” Proc. 44th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Washington, D.C., June 25-30, 2017, 4 pages.
20. C. Zhang, N. N. Faleev, L. Ding×, M. Boccard×, M. Bertoni, Z. Holman, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, “Hetero-emitter GaP/Si Solar Cells with High Si Bulk Lifetime,” Proc. 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Portland, Oregon, June 5-10, 2016.
21. A. Maros, N. Faleev, S. H. Lee, J. S. Kim, C. B. Honsberg, R. R. King, “1-eV GaNAsSb for Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Portland, Oregon, June 5-10, 2016.
22. A. Maros, N. Faleev, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, D. Convey, H. Xie, and F. A. Ponce, “Critical Thickness Investigation of MBE-grown InGaAs/GaAs and GaAsSb/GaAs Heterostructures,” North American Molecular Beam Epitaxy (NAMBE) Conf., Mayan Riviera, Mexico, Oct. 4-7, 2015. †
23. A. Maros, N. Faleev, R. R. King, C. B. Honsberg, “Growth Optimization of GaAsSb(N)/GaAs Heterostructures for Multi-Junction Solar Cell Applications,” North American Molecular Beam Epitaxy (NAMBE) Conf., Mayan Riviera, Mexico, Oct. 4-7, 2015. †
24. M. A. Green, M. J. Keevers, B. C. Ramo, Y. Jiang, I. Thomas, J. B. Lasich, P. J. Verlinden, Y. Yang, X. Zhang, K. Emery, T. Moriarty, R. R. King, W. Bensch, “Improvements in Sunlight to Electricity Conversion Efficiency: Above 40% for Direct Sunlight and Over 30% for Global,” Proc. 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf. 2015, Hamburg, Germany, Sep. 14-18, 2015.
25. N. M. Haegel, C.-W. Ke, H. Taha, H. Guthrey, C. M. Fetzer, and R. King, “Cross-sectional Transport Imaging in a Multijunction Solar Cell,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, June 14-19, 2015.
26. M. A. Steiner, J. F. Geisz, J. S. Ward, I. García, D. J. Friedman, R. R. King, P. T. Chiu, R. M. France, A. Duda, W. J. Olavarria, M. Young, S. R. Kurtz, “Mechanically stacked four-junction concentrator solar cells,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, June 14-19, 2015.
27. M. A. Steiner, J. F. Geisz, J. S. Ward, I. García, D. J. Friedman, R. R. King, P. T. Chiu, R. M. France, A. Duda, W. J. Olavarria, M. Young, S. R. Kurtz, “Optically enhanced photon recycling in mechanically stacked multijunction solar cells,” Proc. 42nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, June 14-19, 2015. †
28. M. J. Keevers, C. F. J. Lau, M. A. Green, I. Thomas, J. B. Lasich, R. R. King, K. A. Emery, “High efficiency spectrum splitting prototype submodule using commercial CPV cells,” Proc. 6th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC-6), Kyoto, Japan, Nov. 23-27, 2014.
29. P.T. Chiu, D.C Law, R.L. Woo, S.B. Singer, D. Bhusari, W.D. Hong, A. Zakaria, J. Boisvert, S. Mesropian, R.R. King, and N.H. Karam, “35.8% Space and 38.8% Terrestrial 5J Direct Bonded Cells,” Proc. 40th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Denver, Colorado, June 8-13, 2014.
30. D. C. Law, J. C. Boisvert, E. M. Rehder, P. T. Chiu, S. Mesropian, R. L. Woo, X. Q. Liu, W. D. Hong, C. M. Fetzer, S. B. Singer, D. M. Bhusari, K. M. Edmondson, A. Zakaria, B. Jun, D. D. Krut, R. R. King, S. K. Sharma, and N. H. Karam, ” Recent Progress of Spectrolab High-Efficiency Space Solar Cells,” Nanophotonics and Macrophotonics for Space Environments VII, E. W. Taylor, D. A. Cardimona, eds., Proc. of SPIE 8876, 88760Y (2013), doi: 10.1117/12.2026756.
31. R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, P. Chiu, W. Hong, X.-Q. Liu, A. Zakaria, K. Edmondson, D. Krut, D. Law, J. Boisvert, and N. H. Karam, “Effects of Temperature-Induced Bandgap Shift in 5-Junction Solar Cells,” Proc. 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Paris, France, Sep. 30 – Oct. 4, 2013.
32. J. Boisvert, D. Law, R. King, E. Rehder, P. Chiu, D. Bhusari, C. Fetzer, X. Liu, W. Hong, S. Mesropian, R. Woo, K. Edmondson, H. Cotal, D. Krut, S. Singer, S. Wierman, and N. H. Karam, “High Efficiency Inverted Metamorphic (IMM) Solar Cells,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Tampa, Florida, June 16-21, 2013.
33. P. T. Chiu, D. C Law, R. L. Woo, S. B. Singer, D. Bhusari, W. D. Hong, A. Zakaria, J. Boisvert, S. Mesropian, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, “Direct Semiconductor Bonded 5J Cell for Space and Terrestrial Applications,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Tampa, Florida, June 16-21, 2013. †
34. Angele Reinders, Maike Wiesenfarth, Richard R. King, “Conceptual product development with integrated concentrating PV systems – CPV in the built environment from a designer’s perspective,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Tampa, Florida, June 16-21, 2013.
35. Sarah Kurtz, Richard King, Daniel Law, Aaron Ptak, John Geisz, and Nasser Karam, “Effects of in situ Annealing on GaInNAs Solar Cells,” Proc. 39th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Tampa, Florida, June 16-21, 2013.
36. (invited) R. R. King, C. Fetzer, P. Chiu, E. Rehder, K. Edmondson, and N. Karam, “Group-IV Subcells in Multijunction Concentrator Solar Cells,” SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds 5: Materials, Processing and Devices, ECS Transactions, 50 (9), pp. 287-295 (2012).
37. R. R. King, P. Chiu, C. M. Fetzer, R. K. Jones, K. M. Edmondson, and N. H. Karam, “Energy Production from High-Efficiency 5-Junction Concentrator Solar Cells,” Proc. 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Frankfurt, Germany, Sep. 24-28, 2012.
38. Daniel C. Law, X. Q. Liu, J. C. Boisvert, E. M. Rehder, C. M. Fetzer, S. Mesropian, R. R. King, K .M. Edmondson, B. Jun, R. L. Woo, D. D. Krut, P. T. Chiu, D. M. Bhusari, S. K. Sharma, and N. H. Karam, “Recent Progress of Spectrolab High-Efficiency Space Solar Cells,” Proc. 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Austin, Texas, June 3-8, 2012.
39. R. K. Jones, R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, K. M. Edmondson, P. Hebert, ” Analysis of Energy Production of Spectrolab Multijunction Solar Cells in Field Conditions,” Proc. 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Austin, Texas, June 3-8, 2012.
40. R. K. Jones, J. H. Ermer, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, “Evolution of Multijunction Solar Cell Technology for Concentrating Photovoltaics,” Proc. 21st Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conf. (PVSEC), Pacifico Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 28 – Dec. 2, 2011. †
41. D. Bhusari, A. Ly, J. Serra, A. Crouch, S. Diamond, H. Lee, M. Lau, and R. King, “Wafer Processing Aspects of High Efficiency Multi-junction Solar Cells,” 7th International Conf. on Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems, AIP Conf. Proc. 1407, 38-41 (2011), doi: 10.1063/1.3658290.
42. (invited for opening plenary) R. R. King, D. Bhusari, D. Larrabee, X.-Q. Liu, E. Rehder, K. Edmondson, H. Cotal, R. K. Jones, J. H. Ermer, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, and N. H. Karam, “Solar Cell Generations Over 40% Efficiency,” Proc. 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Hamburg, Germany, Sep. 5-9, 2011. †
43. K. M. Edmondson, A. Howard, P. Hausgen, P. Jenkins, D. Bhusari, S. Wierman, S. Mesropian, D. C. Law, R. Bardfield, R. R. King, and N. H. Karam, “Initial On-Orbit Performance Analysis of Inverted Metamorphic (IMM3J) Solar Cells on MISSE-7,” Proc. 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Seattle, Washington, June 19-24, 2011.
44. J. Boisvert, D. Law, R. King, D. Bhusari, X. Liu, S. Mesropian, D. Larrabee, R. Woo, K. Edmondson, D. Krut, D. Peterson, K. Rouhani, B. Benedikt, and N. Karam, “Development of Space Solar Cells at Spectrolab,” Proc. 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Seattle, Washington, June 19-24, 2011.
45. J. H. Ermer, R. K. Jones, P. Hebert, P. Pien, R. R. King, D. Bhusari, R. Brandt, O. Al-Taher, C. Fetzer, G. S. Kinsey, and N. Karam, “Status of C3MJ+ and C4MJ Production Concentrator Solar Cells at Spectrolab,” Proc. 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Seattle, WA, June 19-24, 2011. †
46. M. J. Jackson, B.L. Jackson, N. Bodzin, A. Zakaria, X-Q. Liu, R. R. King, and M. S. Goorsky, “Large Area Plan-View Transmission Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation for Multijunction Metamorphic Solar Cell Devices,” Proc. 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Seattle, Washington, June 19-24, 2011.
47. R. R. King, D. Bhusari, A. Boca, D. Larrabee, X.-Q. Liu, W. Hong, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, and N. H. Karam, “Band Gap-Voltage Offset and Energy Production in Next-Generation Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. 5th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion and 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Valencia, Spain, Sep. 6-10, 2010, pp. 33-46. †
48. J. Boisvert, D. Law, R. King, D. Bhusari, X. Liu, A. Zakaria, W. Hong, S. Mesropian, D. Larrabee, R. Woo, A. Boca, K. Edmondson, D. Krut, D. Peterson, K. Rouhani, B. Benedikt, and N.H. Karam, “Development of Advanced Space Solar Cells at Spectrolab,” Proc. 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, June 20-25, 2010, pp. 123-127.
49. R. K. Jones, P. Hebert, P. Pien, R. R. King, D. Bhusari, R. Brandt, O. Al Taher, C. Fetzer, J. Ermer, A. Boca, D. Larrabee, X. Q. Liu, and N. Karam, “Status of 40% Production Efficiency Concentrator Cells at Spectrolab,” Proc. 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Honolulu, Hawaii, June 20-25, 2010, 189-195.
50. R. R. King, A. Boca, W. Hong, X.-Q. Liu, D. Bhusari, D. Larrabee, K. M. Edmondson, D. C. Law, C. M. Fetzer, S. Mesropian, and N. H. Karam, “Band-Gap-Engineered Architectures for High-Efficiency Multijunction Concentrator Solar Cells,” Proc. 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Hamburg, Germany, Sep. 21-25, 2009, pp. 55-61, ISBN 3-936338-25-6.
51. D. C. Law, D. M. Bhusari, S. Mesropian, J. C. Boisvert, W. D. Hong, A. Boca, D. C. Larrabee, C. M. Fetzer, R. R. King, and N. H. Karam, “Semiconductor-Bonded III-V Multijunction Space Solar Cells,” Proc. 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 7-12, 2009, 2237-2239.
52. R. K. Jones, P. Hebert, P. Pien, R. R. King, D. Bhusari, R. Brandt, O. Al-Taher, C. Fetzer, J. Ermer, “Progress in High-Efficiency Terrestrial Concentrator Solar Cells,” Proc. 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 7-12, 2009, pp. 2111-2116.
53. A. Boca, K. Edmondson, and R. R. King, “Prismatic Covers for Boosting the Efficiency of High-Concentration PV Systems,” Proc. 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 7-12, 2009. pp. 131-136.
54. (invited) R. R. King, A. Boca, W. Hong, D. Law, G. Kinsey, C. Fetzer, M. Haddad, K. Edmondson, H. Yoon, P. Pien, and N. Karam, “High-Efficiency Multijunction Photovoltaics for Low-Cost Solar Electricity,” Proc. 21st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS 2008), Newport Beach, CA, Nov. 9-13, 2008, pp. 2-3.
55. D. C. Law, R. R. King, H. Yoon, M. J. Archer, A. Boca, C. M. Fetzer, S. Mesropian, T. Isshiki, M. Haddad, K. M. Edmondson, D. Bhusari, J. Yen, R. A. Sherif, H. A. Atwater, N. H. Karam, “Future technology pathways of terrestrial III-V multijunction solar cells for concentrator photovoltaic systems,” National Conference on the Emerging Trends in the Photovoltaic Energy and Utilization, Kanpur, India, March 27-29, 2008. †
56. (plenary) R. R. King, A. Boca, K. M. Edmondson, M. J. Romero, H. Yoon, D. C. Law, C. M. Fetzer, M. Haddad, A. Zakaria, W. Hong, S. Mesropian, D. D. Krut, G. S. Kinsey, P. Pien, R. A. Sherif, and N. H. Karam, “Raising the Efficiency Ceiling with Multijunction III-V Concentrator Photovoltaics,” Proc. 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Valencia, Spain, Sep. 1-5, 2008, pp. 24-29.
57. Hojun Yoon, Moran Haddad, Shoghig Mesropian, Jason Yen, Kenneth Edmondson, Daniel Law, Richard R. King, Dhananjay Bhusari, Andreea Boca, and Nasser H. Karam, “Progress of Inverted Metamorphic III-V Solar Cell Development at Spectrolab,” Proc. 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., San Diego, California, May 11-16, 2008.
58. G. S. Kinsey, R. A. Sherif, P. Pien, P. Hebert, R. R. King, and D. Aldrich, “Towards Commercialization of Concentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Modules,” Proc. 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., San Diego, California, May 11-16, 2008.
59. Melissa J. Archer, Daniel C. Law, Shoghig Mesropian, Andreea Boca, Moran Haddad, Corinne Ladous, Richard R. King, Harry A. Atwater, “GaInP/GaAs Dual Junction Solar Cells on Ge/Si Epitaxial Templates,” Proc. 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., San Diego, California, May 11-16, 2008.
60. Dimitri D. Krut, Richard R. King, Geoffrey S. Kinsey, Peichen Pien, Peter Hebert, Raed A. Sherif, Jon Lacey, Randolph Brandt, Nasser H. Karam, and B. Terry Cavicchi, “Production and Development Activities in Multijunction Solar Cells for Concentrator Photovoltaics,” Proc. 17th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, Fukuoka, Japan, Dec. 3-7, 2007.
61. (invited for opening plenary) R. R. King, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, C. M. Fetzer, G. S. Kinsey, H. Yoon, R. A. Sherif, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, P. Hebert, P. Pien, and N. H. Karam, “Multijunction Solar Cells with Over 40% Efficiency and Future Directions in Concentrator PV,” Proc. 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Milan, Italy, Sep. 3-7, 2007, pp. 11-15.
62. R. R. King, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, C. M. Fetzer, G. S. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, R. A. Sherif, and N. H. Karam, “Metamorphic Concentrator Solar Cells with Over 40% Conversion Efficiency,” Proc. 4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators (ICSC-4), El Escorial, Spain, March 12-16, 2007 (ISBN: 978-84-690-6463-4), pp. 5-8.
63. D. Krut, R. Sudharsanan, T. Isshiki, R. King and N.H. Karam, “A 53% High Efficiency GaAs Vertically Integrated Multi-junction Laser Power Converter,” 65th Annual Device Research Conf., June 18-20, 2007, pp. 123-124.
64. R. A. Sherif, R. R. King, H. L. Cotal, D.C. Law, C.M. Fetzer, K. Edmondson, G. S. Glenn, G. Kinsey, D. Krut, and N.H. Karam, “Concentrator Triple-Junction Solar Cells and Receivers in Point-Focus and Dense Array Modules,” Proc. 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden, Germany, Sep. 4-8, 2006.
65. R. R. King, R. A. Sherif, D. C. Law, J. T. Yen, M. Haddad, C. M. Fetzer, K. M. Edmondson, G. S. Kinsey, H. Yoon, M. Joshi, S. Mesropian, H. L. Cotal, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, and N. H. Karam, “New Horizons in III-V Multijunction Terrestrial Concentrator Cell Research,” Proc. 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden, Germany, Sep. 4-8, 2006 (Munich, WIP-Renewable Energies, 2006) (ISBN: 3-936338-20-5), pp. 124-128.
66. Melissa J. Griggs, Daniel C. Law, Richard R. King, Arthur C. Ackerman, James M. Zahler, Harry A. Atwater, “Design Approaches and Materials Processes for Ultrahigh Efficiency Lattice Mismatched Multi-Junction Solar Cells,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 857-860.
67. K. M. Edmondson, D. C. Law, G. Glenn, A Paredes, R. R. King, and N. H. Karam, “Flexible III-V Multijunction Solar Blanket,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 1935-1938.
68. H. Yoon, D. E. Joslin, D. C. Law, D. Krut, R. R. King, P. Vijayakumar, D. Peterson, J. Hanley, N. H. Karam, “Application of infrared reflecting (IRR) coverglass on multijunction III-V solar cells,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 1861-1864.
69. D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, N. Siddiqi, A. Paredes, R. R. King, G. Glenn, E. Labios, M. H. Haddad, T. D. Isshiki, and N. H. Karam, “Lightweight, Flexible High-Efficiency III-V Multijunction Cells,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 1879-1882.
70. G. S. Kinsey, R. A. Sherif, H. L. Cotal, P. Pien, R. R. King, E. L. Labios, K. F. Wan, M. Haddad, J. M. Lacey, C. M. Fetzer, N. H. Karam, P. Verlinden, J. Lasich, “Multijunction Solar Cells for Dense-Array Concentrators,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 625-627.
71. R. R. King, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, C. M. Fetzer, R. A. Sherif, G. S. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, H. L. Cotal, and N. H. Karam, “Metamorphic and Lattice-Matched Solar Cells Under Concentration,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 760-763.
72. (invited) R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, H. Yoon, G. S. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, P. Hebert, B. T. Cavicchi, and N. H. Karam, “Advanced III-V Multijunction Cells for Space,” Proc. 4th World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, May 7-12, 2006, pp. 1757-1762.
73. C. Fetzer, R. R. King, D. C. Law, K. M. Edmondson, T. Isshiki, M. Haddad, J. C. Boisvert, X. Zhang, D. E. Joslin, and N. H. Karam, “Multijunction Solar Cell Development and Production at Spectrolab,” Proc. 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT) Conf., Brook Park, OH, Sep. 20-22, 2005, pp. 153-159.
74. K. M. Edmondson, D. E. Joslin, C. M. Fetzer, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, “Simulation of the Mars Surface Solar Spectra for Optimized Performance of Triple Junction Solar Cells,” Proc. 19th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT) Conf., Brook Park, OH, Sep. 20-22, 2005, pp. 67-78.
75. L. M. Fraas, J. E. Avery, H. X. Huang, E. Shifman, K. Edmondson, R. R. King, “Toward 40% and Higher InGaP/GaAs-GaSb Cells in a New Cassegrain PV Module,” Proc. 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Barcelona, Spain, June 6-10, 2005.
76. R. A. Sherif, R. R. King, H. L. Cotal, D.C. Law, C.M. Fetzer, K. Edmondson, G. S. Glenn, G. Kinsey, D. Krut, and N.H. Karam, “Multijunction Solar Cells in High- and Ultra-High Concentration Photovoltaic Modules,” Proc. 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Barcelona, Spain, June 6-10, 2005.
77. R. R. King, D. C. Law, C. M. Fetzer, R. A. Sherif, K. M. Edmondson, S. Kurtz, G. S. Kinsey, H. L. Cotal, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, and N. H. Karam, “Pathways to 40%-Efficient Concentrator Photovoltaics,” Proc. 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Barcelona, Spain, June 6-10, 2005, pp. 118-123, ISBN 3-936338-19-1.
78. R. A. Sherif, R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, H. L. Cotal, G. S. Kinsey, J. B. Peacock, and N. H. Karam, “Commercialization of Concentrator Multijunction Photovoltaics,” Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen, Scottsdale, Arizona, May 1-6, 2005.
79. (invited) R. R. King, R. A. Sherif, G. S. Kinsey, S. Kurtz, C. M. Fetzer, K. M. Edmondson, D. C. Law, H. L. Cotal, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, and N. H. Karam, “Bandgap Engineering in High-Efficiency Multijunction Concentrator Cells,” Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen, Scottsdale, Arizona, May 1-5, 2005, NREL/CD-520-38172 (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2005).
80. H. Yoon, K. M. Edmondson, G. S. Kinsey, R. R. King, P. Hebert, R. K. Ahrenkiel, B. T. Cavicchi, and N. H. Karam, “Minority Carrier Lifetime and Radiation Damage Coefficients of Germanium,” Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan. 3-7, 2005, pp. 842-845.
81. L. M. Fraas, J. E. Avery, H. X. Huang, E. Shifman, K. Edmondson, and R. R. King, “Toward 40% and Higher Solar Cells in a New Cassegrainian PV Module,” Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan. 3-7, 2005, pp. 751-753.
82. Sarah Kurtz, J. F. Geisz, D. J. Friedman, A. J. Ptak, R. R. King, D. C. Law, and N. H. Karam, “Collection of Photocarriers in Ga1-xInxNyAs1-y Solar Cells,” Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan. 3-7, 2005, pp. 707-710.
83. R. A. Sherif, S. Kusek, H. Hayden, R. R. King, H. L. Cotal, J. Peacock, M. Caraway, and N. H. Karam, “First Demonstration of Multijunction Receivers in a Grid-Connected Concentrator Module,” Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan. 3-7, 2005, pp. 635-638.
84. D. C. Law, C. M. Fetzer, R. R. King, P. C. Colter, H. Yoon, T. D. Isshiki, K. M. Edmondson, M. Haddad, and N. H. Karam, “Multijunction Solar Cells with Subcell Materials Highly Lattice-Mismatched to Germanium,” Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan. 3-7, 2005, pp. 575-578.
85. (opening plenary) R. A. Sherif, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, and D. R. Lillington, “The Path to 1 GW of Concentrator Photovoltaics Using Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Jan. 3-7, 2005, pp. 17-22.
86. C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, R. A. Sherif, and N. H. Karam, “Strategies in Development and Manufacturing of Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. Compound Semiconductor Manufacturing Expo (CS-MAX), Monterey, California, Oct. 26-28, 2004, pp. 49-51.
87. R. A. Sherif, H. L. Cotal, R. R. King, A. Paredes, N. H. Karam, G. S. Glenn, D. Krut, A. Lewandowski, C. Bingham, K. Emery, M. Symko-Davies, J. Kiehl, S. Kusek, and H. Hayden, “The Performance and Robustness of GaInP/InGaAs/Ge Concentrator Solar Cells in High Concentration Terrestrial Modules,” Proc. 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, June 7-11, 2004, pp. 2074-77.
88. (plenary) R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, K. M. Edmondson, D. C. Law, P. C. Colter, H. L. Cotal, R. A. Sherif, H. Yoon, T. Isshiki, D. D. Krut, G. S. Kinsey, J. H. Ermer, Sarah Kurtz, T. Moriarty, J. Kiehl, K. Emery, W. K. Metzger, R. K. Ahrenkiel, and N. H. Karam, “Metamorphic III-V Materials, Sublattice Disorder, and Multijunction Solar Cell Approaches with Over 37% Efficiency,” Proc. 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, June 7-11, 2004 (WIP-Munich, Munich, Germany, 2004), ISBN 3-936-338-14-0, ISBN 88-89407-02-6, pp. 3587-93.
89. H. Yoon, J. E. Granata, P. Hebert, R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, P. C. Colter, K. M. Edmondson, D. Law, G. S. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, J. H. Ermer, M. S. Gillanders, and N. H. Karam, “Recent Advances in High-Efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells for Space Applications: Ultra Triple Junction Qualification,” Proc. 18th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT) Conf., Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 16-18, 2003. †
90. J. E. Granata, C. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, K. Edmondson, A. Stavrides, P. Hebert, P. Colter, G. S. Kinsey, H. Yoon, M. S. Gillanders, N. Beze, K. Bui, J. Hanley, N. H. Karam, and B. T. Cavicchi, “Ultra Triple Junction GaInP2/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells: Cell Design and Qualification Status,” Proc. of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, May 11-18, 2003, pp. 654-657.
91. N. Mardesich, S. Dawson, D. Rapp, B. R. Spence, S. F. White, P. Sharps, D. Aiken, K. Edmondson, and R. R. King, “Solar Array Development for the Surface of Mars,” Proc. of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, May 11-18, 2003, pp. 789-792.
92. H. Yoon, R. R. King, G. S. Kinsey, Sarah Kurtz, and D. D. Krut, “Radiative Coupling Effects in GaInP/GaAs/Ge Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, May 11-18, 2003, pp. 745-748.
93. R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, P. C. Colter, K. M. Edmondson, D. C. Law, A. P. Stavrides, H. Yoon, G. S. Kinsey, H. L. Cotal, J. H. Ermer, R. A. Sherif, K. Emery, W. Metzger, R. K. Ahrenkiel, and N. H. Karam, “Lattice-Matched and Metamorphic GaInP/ GaInAs/ Ge Concentrator Solar Cells,” Proc. of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, May 11-18, 2003, pp. 622-625.
94. G. S. Kinsey, R. R. King, K. M. Edmondson, A. P. Stavrides, H. Yoon, C. M. Fetzer, P. C. Colter, J. H. Ermer, M. S. Gillanders, P. Hebert, J. E. Granata, and N. H. Karam, “The Ultra Triple Junction Cell: High-Efficiency Solar Cell for Space Applications,” Proc. 37th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conf. (IECEC), Washington, DC, July 29-31, 2002, p. 334-336.
95. A. P. Stavrides, R. R. King, P. C. Colter, G. Kinsey, A. J. McDanal, M. J. O’Neill, and N. H. Karam, “Fabrication of High-Efficiency, III-V Multijunction Solar Cells for Space Concentrators,” Proc. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, May 20-24, 2002, pp. 920-922.
96. J. E. Granata, J. H. Ermer, P. Hebert, M. Haddad, R. R. King, D. D. Krut, M. S. Gillanders, N. H. Karam, and B. T. Cavicchi, “Advancements in GaInP2/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells – Production Status, Qualification Results and Operational Benefits,” Proc. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, May 20-24, 2002, pp. 824-827.
97. Sarah Kurtz, R. R. King, K. M. Edmondson, D. J. Friedman, and N. H. Karam, “1-MeV-Electron Irradiation of GaInAsN Cells,” Proc. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, May 20-24, 2002, pp. 1006-1009.
98. R. R. King, P. C. Colter, D. E. Joslin, K. M. Edmondson, D. D. Krut, N. H. Karam, and Sarah Kurtz, “High-Voltage, Low-Current GaInP/GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge Solar Cells,” Proc. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, May 20-24, 2002, pp. 852-855.
99. (invited for opening plenary) R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, P. C. Colter, K. M. Edmondson, J. H. Ermer, H. L. Cotal, H. Yoon, A. P. Stavrides, G. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, N. H. Karam, “High-Efficiency Space and Terrestrial Multijunction Solar Cells Through Bandgap Control in Cell Structures,” Proc. 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, May 20-24, 2002 (IEEE, New York, 2002), ISBN 0-7803-7471-1, pp. 776-781.
100. C. B. Morrison, R. Sudharsanan, M. Haddad, J. Boisvert, D. E. Joslin, D. D. Krut, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, “Novel Germanium Photodetectors Fabricated with a Diffused Junction,” Proc. SPIE Optoelectronics Conf., San Jose, California, Jan. 20-25, 2002.
101. R. A. Sherif and R. R. King, “High Performance, Low-Cost III-V Concentrator Module,” Proc. National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV) Program Review Meeting, Lakewood, Colorado, Oct. 14-17, 2001.
102. D. D. Krut, R. R. King, H. L. Cotal, M. Takahashi, R. A. Sherif, N. H. Karam, U. Ortabasi, “High-Efficiency Space Concentrator with Soft Angular Dependence and Related Cell Technology,” Proc. 36th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conf., Savannah, Georgia, July 29-Aug. 2, 2001.
103. Sarah Kurtz, J. F. Geisz, D. J. Friedman, J. M. Olson, A. Duda, N. H. Karam, R. R. King, J. H. Ermer, and D. E. Joslin, “Modeling of Electron Diffusion Length in GaInAsN Solar Cells,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 1210-1213.
104. D. J. Friedman, J. M. Olson, S. Ward, T. Moriarty, K. Emery, Sarah Kurtz, A. Duda, R. R. King, H. L. Cotal, D. R. Lillington, J. H. Ermer, N. H. Karam, “Ge Concentrator Cells for III-V Multijunction Devices,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 965-967.
105. J. E. Granata, J. H. Ermer, P. Hebert, M. Haddad, R. R. King, D. D. Krut, J. Lovelady, M. S. Gillanders, N. H. Karam, and B. T. Cavicchi, “Triple-Junction GaInP2/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells – Production Status, Qualification Results, and Operational Benefits,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 1181-1184.
106. H. L. Cotal, R. R. King, M. Haddad, J. H. Ermer, N. H. Karam, D. D. Krut, D. E. Joslin, M. Takahashi, and B. T. Cavicchi, “The Effects of Electron Irradiation on Triple-Junction Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 1316-1319.
107. H. L. Cotal, D. R. Lillington, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, S. R. Kurtz, D. J. Friedman, J. M. Olson, J. S. Ward, A. Duda, K. A. Emery, T. Moriarty, “Triple-Junction Solar Cell Efficiencies Above 32%: The Promise and Challenges of Their Application in High-Concentration-Ratio PV Systems,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 955-960.
108. R. R. King, N. H. Karam, J. H. Ermer, M. Haddad, P. Colter, T. Isshiki, H. Yoon, H. L. Cotal, D. E. Joslin, D. D. Krut, R. Sudharsanan, K. Edmondson, B. T. Cavicchi, and D. R. Lillington, “Next-Generation, High-Efficiency, III-V Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 998-1001.
109. R. R. King, M. Haddad, T. Isshiki, P. Colter, J. Ermer, H. Yoon, D. E. Joslin, and N. H. Karam, “Metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge Solar Cells,” Proc. 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, Sep. 15-22, 2000, pp. 982-985.
110. P. P. Altermatt, J. O. Schumacher, A. Cuevas, S. W. Glunz, R. R. King, G. Heiser, and A. Schenk, “The Extraction of the Surface Recombination Velocity of Si:P Emitters Using Advanced Silicon Models,” Proc. 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Glasgow, United Kingdom, May 1-5, 2000, pp. 102-105.
111. N. H. Karam, R. R. King, M. Haddad, J. H. Ermer, H. Yoon, H. L. Cotal, R. Sudharsanan, J. W. Eldredge, K. Edmondson, D. E. Joslin, D. D. Krut, M. Takahashi, W. Nishikawa, M. Gillanders, J. Granata, P. Hebert, B. T. Cavicchi, and D. R. Lillington, “Recent Developments in High Efficiency Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs/Ge Dual- and Triple-Junction Solar Cells: Steps to Next Generation PV Cells,” Proc. 11th Intl. Photovoltaic Science and Eng. Conf., Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan, Sep. 20-24, 1999. †
112. N. H. Karam, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, M. Haddad, L. Cai, D. E. Joslin, D. D. Krut, M. Takahashi, J. W. Eldredge, W. Nishikawa, B. T. Cavicchi, and D. R. Lillington, “High Efficiency GaInP2/GaAs/Ge Dual and Triple Junction Solar Cells for Space Applications,” Proc. 2nd World Conf. and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, July 6-10, 1998, pp. 3534-3539.
113. R. R. King, J. H. Ermer, D. E. Joslin, M. Haddad, J. W. Eldredge, N. H. Karam, B. Keyes, and R. K. Ahrenkiel, “Double Heterostructures for Characterization of Bulk Lifetime and Interface Recombination Velocity in III-V Multijunction Solar Cells,” Proc. 2nd World Conf. on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, July 6-10, 1998 (European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, 1998), ISBN 92-828-5179-6, pp. 86-90.
114. J. M. Gee, R. R. King, J. H. Reiss, K. W. Mitchell, and S. Narayanan, “The Effect of Oxidations on Phosphorus-Diffused Crystalline-Silicon Substrates,” Proc. 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Barcelona, Spain, June 30 – July 4, 1997.
115. J. M. Gee, R. R. King, and K. W. Mitchell, “High-Efficiency Cell Structures and Processes Applied to Photovoltaic-Grade Czochralski Silicon,” Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Washington, D. C., May 1996.
116. K. A. Munzer, R. R. King, R. E. Schlosser, H. J. Schmidt, J. Schmalzbauer, S. Sterk, H. L. Mayr, “Manufacturing of Back Surface Field for Industrial Application,” Proc. 13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Nice, France, Oct. 1995, pp. 1398-1401.
117. J. H. Reiss, R. R. King, and K. W. Mitchell, “Degradation of Bulk Diffusion Length in CZ Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. 5th Workshop on the Role of Impurities and Defects in Silicon Device Processing, Copper Mountain, CO, Aug. 13-15, 1995, pp. 120-123.
118. A. Cuevas, G. Giroult-Matlakowski, P. A. Basore, C. DuBois, and R. R. King, “Extraction of the Surface Recombination Velocity of Passivated Phosphorus-Doped Silicon Emitters,” Proc. IEEE 1st World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, Dec. 1994, pp. 1446-1449.
119. R. R. King, K. W. Mitchell, and J. M. Gee, “Back Surface Cell Structures for Reducing Recombination in CZ Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. IEEE 1st World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, Dec. 1994, pp. 1291-1294.
120. K. W. Mitchell, R. R. King, T. L. Jester, and M. McGraw, “The Reformation of Cz Si Photovoltaics,” Proc. IEEE 1st World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, Dec. 1994, pp. 1266-1269.
121. A. Cuevas, R. Merchán, J. C. Ramos, and R. R. King, “Updated Contour Plots for the Design of p+ Emitters of Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Louisville, Kentucky, May 1993, pp. 309-314.
122. R. R. King, K. W. Mitchell, J. R. Walle, D. L. Aldrich, J. M. Gee, M. O’Neill, N. Kaminar, J. McEntee, P. Stark, “Silicon Concentrator Solar Cells Using Mass-Produced, Flat-Plate Cell Fabrication Technology,” Proc. 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Louisville, Kentucky, May 1993, pp. 167-171.
123. K. W. Mitchell, D. Tanner, R. R. King, D. L. Aldrich, T. A. Beck, J. R. Walle, and J. M. Gee, “Towards High Efficiency Commercial Si Cell and Module Efficiency,” Proc. 11th European Community Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Montreux, Switzerland, Oct. 1992, pp. 405-407.
124. R. R. King, E. W. Thomas, W. B. Carter, and A. Rohatgi, “The Effect of Aluminum and Boron Solid-Source Doping on Recombination in Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. 22nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Las Vegas, Nevada, Oct. 1991, pp. 229-234.
125. A. Cuevas F., R. A. Sinton, and R. R. King, “A Technology-Based Comparison Between Two-Sided and Back-Contact Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. 10th European Community Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Lisbon, Portugal, April 1991, pp. 23-26.
126. P. E. Gruenbaum, J.-Y. Gan, R. R. King, and R. M. Swanson, “Stable Passivations for High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Kissimmee, Florida, May 1990, pp. 317-322.
127. R. A. Sinton, R. A. Crane, S. Beckwith, A. Cuevas, P. E. Gruenbaum, D. E. Kane, J.-Y. Gan, R. R. King, N. Midkiff, and R. M. Swanson, “Developments in Module-Ready Si Backside-Contact Solar Cells,” Proc. 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Kissimmee, Florida, May 1990, pp. 302-306.
128. R. R. King, P. E. Gruenbaum, R. A. Sinton, and R. M. Swanson, “Passivated Emitters in Silicon Solar Cells,” Proc. 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Kissimmee, Florida, May 1990, pp. 227-232.
129. R. R. King and R. M. Swanson, “Recent Developments in One-Sun, Point-Contact Solar Cells,” Proc. 4th International Photovoltaic Science and Eng. Conf., Sydney, Australia, Feb. 1989, pp. 795-800.
130. R. R. King, R. A. Sinton, and R. M. Swanson, “Front and Back Surface Fields for Point-Contact Solar Cells,” Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Sep. 1988, pp. 538-544.
131. R. R. King, R. A. Sinton, R. M. Swanson, and T. F. Ciszek, “Low Surface Recombination Velocities on Doped Silicon and Their Implications for Point Contact Solar Cells,” Proc. 19th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1987, pp. 1168-1173.
132. R. A. Crane, R. A. Sinton, R. M. Swanson, and R. R. King, “A High Concentration Solar Cell Test Facility,” Proc.18th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., Las Vegas, Nevada, Oct. 1985, pp. 963-966.

Invited Book Chapters
1. N. H. Karam, R. A. Sherif, and R. R. King, “Multijunction Concentrator Solar Cells, An Enabler For Low-Cost Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems,” Concentrator Photovoltaics, Antonio Luque and Viacheslav Andreev, eds., Springer Series in Optical Sciences (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, Sep. 2007), Vol. 130, pp. 199-219 (ISBN: 978-3-540-68796-2).

Issued Patents
1. U. S. Pat. No. 10,439,091, “Solar cell structures for improved current generation and collection,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, X.-Q. Liu, W. D. Hong, K. M. Edmondson, D. D. Krut, J. C. Boisvert, and N. H. Karam, filed November 16, 2016, issued October 8, 2019.
2. U. S. Pat. No. 10,361,332, “Reduced band gap absorber for solar cells,” C. M. Fetzer, D. D. Krut, D. E. Joslin, and R. R. King, filed August 7, 2018, issued July 23, 2019.
3. U. S. Pat. No. 10,340,401, “Multi-layer back surface field layer in a solar cell structure,” X.-Q. Liu, D. C. Law, E. M. Rehder, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, filed September 22, 2011, issued July 2, 2019.
4. U. S. Pat. No. 10,230,012, “Concentrator photovoltaic cells bonded to flat-plate solar cells for direct and off-axis light collection,” R. R. King, P. T. Chiu, and N. H. Karam, filed August 27, 2015, issued March 12, 2019.
5. U. S. Pat. No. 10,170,652, “Metamorphic solar cell having improved current generation,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, D. D. Krut, and N. H. Karam, filed Mar. 22, 2011, issued Jan. 1, 2019.
6. U. S. Pat. No. 10,069,026, “Reduced band gap absorber for solar cells,” C. M. Fetzer, D. D. Krut, D. E. Joslin, and R. R. King, filed Dec. 19, 2005, issued Sep. 4, 2018.
7. U. S. Pat. No. 10,066,318, “Isoelectronic surfactant induced sublattice disordering in optoelectronic devices,” C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, and P. C. Colter, filed July 19, 2017, issued Sep. 4, 2018.
8. U. S. Pat. No. 9,997,659, “Group-IV solar cell structure using group-IV or III-V heterostructures,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, and N. H. Karam, filed Sep. 14, 2012, issued June 12, 2018.
9. U. S. Pat. No. 9,985,160, “Group-IV solar cell structure using group-IV or III-V heterostructures,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, and N. H. Karam, filed Sep. 14, 2012, issued May 29, 2018.
10. U. S. Pat. No. 9,954,128, “Structures for increased current generation and collection in solar cells with low absorptance and/or low diffusion length,” R. R. King, M. Haddad, P. T. Chiu, X. Liu, and C. M. Fetzer, filed Jan. 12, 2016, issued Apr. 24, 2018.
11. U. S. Pat. No. 9,947,823, “Group-IV solar cell structure using group-IV or III-V heterostructures,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, and N. H. Karam, filed July 23, 2015, issued Apr. 17, 2018.
12. U. S. Pat. No. 9,745,668, “Isoelectronic surfactant induced sublattice disordering in optoelectronic devices,” C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, and P. C. Colter, filed Sep. 29, 2014, issued Aug. 29, 2017.
13. U. S. Pat. No. 9,559,237, “Optoelectric devices comprising hybrid metamorphic buffer layers,” X.-Q. Liu, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, and R. R. King, filed Apr. 10, 2013, issued Jan. 31, 2017.
14. U. S. Pat. No. 9,530,911, “Solar cell structures for improved current generation and collection,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, D. C. Law, X.-Q. Liu, W. D. Hong, K. M. Edmondson, D. D. Krut, J. C. Boisvert, and N. H. Karam, filed Mar. 14, 2013, issued Dec. 27, 2016.
15. U. S. Pat. No. 9,331,227, “Directly bonded, lattice-mismatched semiconductor device,” D. C. Law, R. R. King, D. D. Krut, and D. Bhusari, filed Jan. 10, 2014, issued May 3, 2016.
16. U. S. Pat. No. 9,276,156, “Solar cells having a transparent composition-graded buffer layer,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, and P. C. Colter, filed Aug. 19, 2014, issued Mar. 1, 2016.
17. U. S. Pat. No. 9,099,595, “Group-IV solar cell structure using group-IV or III-V heterostructures,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, and N. H. Karam, filed Sep. 14, 2012, issued Aug. 4, 2015.
18. U. S. Pat. No. 9,029,685, “Monolithic bypass diode and photovoltaic cell with bypass diode formed in back of substrate,” G. S. Kinsey, R. R. King, D. D. Krut, and N. H. Karam, filed Nov. 18, 2005, issued May 12, 2015.
19. U. S. Pat. No. 8,846,134, “Isoelectronic surfactant induced sublattice disordering in optoelectronic devices,” C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, filed Sep. 7, 2006, issued Sep. 30, 2014.
20. U. S. Pat. No. 8,642,883, “Heterojunction Solar Cell,” J. C. Boisvert, D. C. Law, R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, filed Aug. 9, 2010, issued Feb. 4, 2014.
21. U. S. Pat. No. 8,227,689, “Solar Cells Having a Transparent Composition-Graded Buffer Layer,” R. R. King, C. M. Fetzer, and P. C. Colter, filed June 15, 2004, issued July 24, 2012.
22. U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,249, “Multijunction Photovoltaic Cell Grown on High-Miscut-Angle Substrate,” R. R. King, J. H. Ermer, P. C. Colter, C. Fetzer, filed Apr. 14, 2003, issued Oct. 12, 2010.
23. U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,921, “Multijunction Solar Cell Having a Lattice Mismatched GrIII-GrV-X Layer and a Composition-Graded Buffer Layer,” C. M. Fetzer, R. R. King, and P. C. Colter, filed June 15, 2004, issued Oct. 5, 2010.
24. U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,386, “Method of Forming a Semiconductor Structure Having Metal Migration Semiconductor Barrier Layers,” H. Yoon, R. King, J. R. Kukulka, J. H. Ermer, and M. L. Lau, filed Feb. 20, 2007, issued Mar. 30, 2010.
25. U.S. Pat. No. 7,626,116, “Isoelectronic Surfactant Suppression of Threading Dislocations in Metamorphic Epitaxial Layers” (additional part), C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, P. C. Colter, filed Feb. 23, 2006, issued Dec. 1, 2009.
26. U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,970, “Metamorphic Avalanche Photodetector,” G. S. Kinsey, D. D. Krut, J. C. Boisvert, C. M. Fetzer, and R. R. King, filed Mar. 11, 2005, issued Feb. 5, 2008.
27. U.S. Pat. No. 7,202,542, “Semiconductor Structure with Metal Migration Semiconductor Barrier Layers and Method of Forming the Same,” H. Yoon, R. King, J. R. Kukulka, J. H. Ermer, and M. L. Lau, filed Dec. 17, 2003, issued Apr. 10, 2007.
28. U.S. Pat. No. 7,126,052, “Isoelectronic Surfactant Induced Sublattice Disordering in Optoelectronic Devices,” C. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, P. C. Colter, filed Oct. 2, 2002, issued Oct. 24, 2006.
29. U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,734, “Isoelectronic Surfactant Suppression of Threading Dislocations in Metamorphic Epitaxial Layers,” C. M. Fetzer, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, P. C. Colter, filed Oct. 23, 2002, issued Oct. 17, 2006.
30. U.S. Pat. No. 7,119,271, “Wide-Bandgap, Lattice-Mismatched Window Layer For A Solar Conversion Device,” R. R. King, P. C. Colter, J. H. Ermer, M. Haddad, N. H. Karam, filed Jan. 31, 2003, issued Oct. 10, 2006.
31. U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,818, “Diffused Junction Photodetector and Fabrication Technique,” C. B. Morrison, R. Sudharsanan, M. Haddad, D. D. Krut, J. C. Boisvert, R. R. King, N. H. Karam, filed June 14, 2002, issued Sep. 7, 2004.
32. U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,669, “Lattice-Matched Semiconductor Materials for Use in Electronic or Optoelectronic Devices,” R. R. King, J. H. Ermer, P. C. Colter, and N. H. Karam, filed Jun. 6, 2001, issued Jul. 1, 2003.
33. U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,788, “Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Panels Using a Silicon or Silicon-Germanium Active Substrate Cell for Space and Terrestrial Applications,” R. R. King, N. H. Karam, M. Haddad, filed Dec. 2, 1999, issued Jan. 22, 2002.
34. U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,715, “Multijunction Photovoltaic Cell with Thin 1st (Top) Subcell and Thick 2nd Subcell of Same or Similar Semiconductor Material,” R. R. King, D. E. Joslin, N. H. Karam, filed Mar. 15, 2000, issued Nov. 13, 2001.
35. U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,580, “Bilayer Passivation Structure for Photovoltaic Cells” (continuation in part), N. H. Karam, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, M. Haddad, and B. T. Cavicchi, filed Apr. 20, 2000, issued July 3, 2001.
36. U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,603, “Bilayer Passivation Structure for Photovoltaic Cells,” N. H. Karam, J. H. Ermer, R. R. King, M. Haddad, and B. T. Cavicchi, filed Apr. 23, 1999, issued Nov. 21, 2000.